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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
& L" ]5 {8 N8 U. n+ n% Y' J. PBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
# M5 m1 `; Y, @" {9 s/ vExposure to Testosterone2 o! r4 H E! J/ w( f# |
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ i" ?, Y, o6 c8 {; Eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* G5 z4 z( r+ z* K* `( V
Clinical Pediatrics+ M- }1 E8 o' i
Volume 46 Number 6
+ J5 `, m, h5 z1 D2 s- w9 xJuly 2007 540-5437 J; e4 E& U- q5 p E
© 2007 Sage Publications
1 {: Q+ O: p- r9 {9 z. M( h, x10.1177/0009922806296651
- T! H6 I P. S: P& w" I5 M. Thttp://clp.sagepub.com
- v! w! W0 v/ R' v4 K: Qhosted at
$ a' o- T. o1 shttp://online.sagepub.com% _2 j. @, Z4 V2 _4 ?2 k( X+ C! }* C2 `
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 t% g% [6 @# O% Z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central/ Y, K9 R8 G0 B; c4 o
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# a8 a& G Z7 l' c- `8 `4 Qthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
, C; Y7 a, M4 K4 _9 va higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& E! B& Z/ j0 X7 a/ a8 tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested6 B4 J0 [4 T/ G9 z8 z0 D
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& _3 O* @2 w; n/ b. f& a0 whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ x/ m4 O2 z$ Q Z icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We m$ K1 i5 d8 V/ L' |
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( Z" z/ _" [ I- I7 P) G
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 N+ v7 ?* h" W: R0 Tment without testicular enlargement, which was due& u) U. Q9 t& k$ P
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# j. G" C8 q4 _
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-. S& L4 Z. o- m+ a2 b
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
7 l H- C1 {" {6 i, ]' Z' ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of* j& _$ ^' e3 Z( h2 Q+ U- E. | c6 N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! u8 e7 d3 Y% x& |bly more common than the rare case report in the) q- e7 O5 b$ e# r2 {
literature.4) l! q! }8 }$ j- f% r8 T. U
Patient Report
/ }0 g! D2 C3 S3 SA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 x7 Z5 A. }# {3 g# Tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 e" l+ \& g) E
of early sexual development. His mother noticed V% ^8 t# s& g+ K" B8 k
light colored pubic hair development when he was# |; Q: y6 l p4 s9 ~0 C$ k; k
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
- E! a. P! b! S. i4 n- hSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' S# y3 J4 G1 ]
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,/ Z: z5 i6 M8 c
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% a- h1 F5 V8 d( F2 |! E
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 q: v. Q; g j
e-mail: [email protected]." L0 Y# w3 K3 j6 m. \
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! c. q1 a! K+ bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 [4 Z+ i' @, y. `% q# V
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ D- H3 [& S+ Cwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, Y5 A. D, K' |! n% ]# ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
6 z T" f; w+ e/ a7 T6 F( [# m20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
0 y9 p! f' R3 p3 |' d( F6 iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with! B) J0 g" P! R
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,; E3 W1 a$ H) z2 x0 z, p6 Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
& {$ A3 r8 Z- n/ {/ m% @was age appropriate.
, A& U, Y4 {' k7 A) x) H6 E5 kThe family history was remarkable for the father,2 n. D/ |. ], ^' f
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 ~( Y. h/ C) }% ]5 b) a/ qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" Z3 ^1 P( D, K& H+ ^2 J
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, _$ f+ H: U+ A N; ]4 Searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 R4 V( D* \# M* v( z
The father denied taking any other medication. The
: g, Q2 x8 q7 l$ _9 l5 X) kchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 U7 c8 y5 f3 ~9 cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 O% H2 U7 s+ T) n' A7 A5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 _, e; B) v' i4 Qcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-# i5 d& p. c: ]7 a+ i6 K
tives. There were no siblings./ D; @. q- q7 y
Physical Examination5 o% ^$ |1 S' z1 |7 O' P
The physical examination revealed a very active,4 T! ?" V9 @ n% x2 T
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. s& N0 K D8 C
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; [5 F& |2 g" \5 h% e/ i5 Y9 O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" C+ G( Z1 M3 O5 }
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, k- T4 `9 o5 ]; ~velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 n5 v3 j% F$ u' Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ u* Y) O6 V# W3 B1 |( s1 A
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for: [8 U2 d1 |& f+ O( l% H
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 N. _; H n: Q- U& w9 ~8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- W6 A5 `# S) E0 B' w: ?) j }$ ?3 Jdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" l% k, u7 J% N1 A540
/ h1 E9 [ A# V, m1 uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( {/ q1 @/ T: b: ~the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 u8 L( K& \6 E3 Y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
: J8 y; y: A/ @# I" @+ xThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! @' v. S3 r; i/ s' E% @
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 z+ ~6 I% ~: `0 P) E" T
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# A7 K% ]/ ~* N5 o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 o8 v$ l# C* _5 @2 f! E7 N+ @
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 M4 R6 |# j0 g7 {
of papilledema.
2 ?- v9 o: G1 G' q; I _( j: A9 nLaboratory Evaluation
/ Y$ ?& ^5 A, P# f4 IThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 a, v: o7 x. ^; T# ousing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 B# C5 ^& M. d
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: c( w1 s+ H4 T/ f: w
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test) |0 @; z7 k. H3 J( W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# ^; h. Y) Q" B0 @( dlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! L5 H/ ]% \* E% cThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 K9 {$ Z/ f9 c5 n% Kurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& x/ m8 { O' j/ c0 q
within normal range for his age. The concentration
1 A* [ ~9 C3 y, n/ h: Bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
$ ^. d3 s3 K, N# G. N7 q(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% U/ u5 F6 O1 l* Ang/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) j% @8 _, F8 g8 T- X: f; e. Oterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( x/ C" A' w6 y7 ?$ q3 W1 \desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 L- J1 n; y( @49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), `( s' t5 K5 j( a2 M1 H
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! _; {- Z) `1 ^
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total f4 y+ D& n7 a" Q) o5 ?
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* b l5 u& U0 g' f. g: F
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than+ x) e$ H4 w, ?- ^
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular u- ?0 t7 M. Y8 z) y& \- W1 j
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 x/ u) w. e5 d2 D8 [8 k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL; E/ z- ~! c7 w( G% D; @$ Q3 Q/ ]
(prepubertal).
2 A, w& V" F, M8 o8 JThe parents were notified about the laboratory
% S+ }" [/ z; Q( \1 t* ~0 Zresults and were informed that all of the tests were
! g( B1 r2 m' |: I- Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 Y* g5 F; L2 c1 Lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) ]2 i% H' E+ g
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- l, N! v/ K3 c$ N" {3 S: _
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.! M1 P- J. i$ Q* J5 _5 a
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( I/ X; X4 G/ f& E
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
A( [( n) d! V8 d7 @) a: I2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 k& H7 c2 T; g( X4 i, Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ `0 y; g! N* H0 s) v# upletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 d, j6 {- F1 Lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ R& D) a' c& H c0 X: @mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) ^3 s0 Z. P3 L/ @, c: L! _The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
D) {6 t- Z5 } _" hing frequent erections.
- G" x" s! R9 [3 L- N3 F" [- _$ [Both parents were again questioned about use of6 e' i2 A2 x9 F8 R+ |
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 Z/ m) Z$ n4 U4 i& b, zthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the2 _% M: h' C; e1 ^4 X0 l- E
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- e* }/ Z7 l( h( ~use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 | [( y, l5 y- Cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# L9 Q8 I' b* F: P4 b0 o. V1 A
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 e- ?+ h4 u; y+ [2 a$ zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! B* |7 k" V* V9 G3 i2 qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 u7 j' x& N' P* {secondary to depression.* N t" s8 i- A9 m4 k1 G( [
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
' }7 M2 J7 o, g) w3 L. l: XThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
" q5 M: q' ~$ M( Schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# ~. U/ v; o! |5 K+ ?$ C& c" z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: m( z% q; a# h! Q3 u$ vThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 q7 `; E3 l$ [+ Pwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby: V; |( ]5 @% u0 Y% n' f6 B* u
was high, he then read the product information: V+ b" x! `( [9 a) k" n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 T4 A. c+ t! V( [" h
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
$ b2 z" W5 B$ j. Adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' w5 F7 h z! f, A+ q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 b% U( u% w0 e2 r( ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. ]& o7 G. ~9 m$ Itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. E/ X/ A4 p+ {# ^3 ?7 Qlaboratory to obtain the test.: W3 `9 X) }5 f4 G
Discussion! u* M+ F6 i* E5 |; r# B
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! t+ c8 Q7 s; d7 lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
- D/ w& H, g. o7 n, x9 n/ GPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
2 H, J- \# W2 s0 }it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
- X8 X& I) a7 `4 [thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 s' r. F- [" }+ Q# p# u+ amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 D; r& ^$ q3 ?7 h
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 P# C/ D; H. z& x+ I9 p' L$ ^0 Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 b; v" c8 e/ Lamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# n/ Q7 ]% G: [, G. e5 I* N1 a0 nsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in9 h1 W# r. W( V" ]% f* i+ @
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-1 o5 V, h8 o0 B b. y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 X, s" v: |; h# z5 |3 w X9 R
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
T3 \ _/ n7 O0 v% D6 H( r1 vgonadotropins.1,3
' _: a: k" m9 J7 lGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* ^3 |; B& W M7 p6 y' ~
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 c3 W( n& o. D) eandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or! Y: B, D2 T7 X: j" v; l8 j
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& a4 U& N1 L* N5 f8 H2 I+ uulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; c: M. W# v0 ?# r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 { C5 I& o1 C( @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* N: ^1 y+ w3 k0 V- O8 S) Q
puberty in boys.3,4* T" r2 n8 U7 X) p* z: O8 I3 l
The most common form of congenital adrenal
! l6 l6 q. w2 I Jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# W, p" {: i3 v' J5 r( o7 i0 @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' n+ m- H% h: r! u, ~; N. Q! Vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! I. \) ]8 L4 D+ Tan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
; p2 g1 @7 X5 _) Sexcess.1,3
' @6 |- u$ X" N0 Y! ]8 kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 k) I7 J: k8 k% F4 b/ ?
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" h( x K6 a9 j; ?: U5 w9 b
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ W+ _ M* P8 z" d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ y; z4 \" h/ c, Z$ v {1 Q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' z2 S% g- [4 \; Z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys, q6 u4 r2 H9 p& a) O# c% b* J
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ F: W3 f5 g, C9 sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: [1 D! J G8 L2 q1 E
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ f! l% p; a( f8 T5 ~& W0 Mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show9 I! e/ K. r* `8 g, ]5 s7 e
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ a( ~/ q" Z; w0 Mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 l) n# j2 z; P- q7 r% d, J
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ I: d; o+ J' W3 `3 T
males; therefore, other male members of the family
' K) D7 z2 j- amay have similar precocious puberty.3" X% ~3 m1 E% b5 Y" E5 D! ]
In our patient, physical examination was incon-# C! }! Q5 D. _$ Y$ P& i5 P
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ Y' N: R% X" R3 b9 C' j9 B
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ w8 v% D2 d+ q+ {; X; |7 A: y
was in the differential diagnosis because his father5 ^4 E5 F9 y9 J7 |. j( {0 `; C* k8 a
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( ]) K& }+ W7 S! O" L( I4 Jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the4 d0 k/ i, ?! c" h- ?7 E# e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# j" I, c( j: ]6 vative initial history of androgen exposure, our
2 W8 d' F) }0 x+ H9 L2 \biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& \* g$ S* B0 b% jeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; R: f3 c# ?" `8 q2 C! @2 Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 k0 Z/ X4 O; M, e0 \* ]/ Sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.% ^, H) O: ]$ m! T, l! V- b# N# t
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 C' t, e, D* E) c/ d: x1 V: j. osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 \: O) k6 b; U4 S6 H& X: ]
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' C4 |5 w7 i; cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 s" p' w9 M9 Gdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% i6 S& V$ X/ D- U7 E" Yterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was N- ~- n/ u7 E4 g; p" @# C
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
, k* x; S* T$ k: j1 b& jDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 s5 ]* B ?3 g+ K2 _8 H4 wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% Y: M, l8 G- A! u
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: @7 @( q$ P8 Z1 y7 }2 j8 ]* @: dSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# u V& Z k$ g: ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to$ @% ~2 b/ Z/ B t# x* q9 `
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! t6 w x9 C" C& J N9 ]* T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
+ n/ D* U6 B# z) C5 o% F2 ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; ?; x. @+ s: _ z* p/ F
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
- c, v8 k% [; @" d6 Y$ Cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
( _6 `- R5 t. o; R: K1 p$ S* |dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 Z3 O8 b4 u; F6 r Z" Wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 a+ N; I3 z+ w+ jactive in young children exposed to testosterone
' w. S; s5 ~- hexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 U% L! c8 V8 B: `9 [7 c7 Zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to# p5 @ L9 Q; N8 }4 {
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 M0 d j; G! bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! k }8 R! X- z6 ~; I7 A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
o5 H6 I9 ], SThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 T2 B G8 g% C7 |" g0 H. u$ n+ A- V
early childhood on pubertal development and final
9 S, S* D: l6 X# b% }- Nadult height are not fully known and always remain
5 j) S3 R! w5 b ma concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 P2 |0 K7 X( j+ I* |! y9 s' ~
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: d4 n& y' d2 o
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 j8 `* h* b. O* g( {# `/ \cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
0 }& j$ i1 x9 C, \9 B: Y9 Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 K$ R+ c M- i" M' s. {- J( B
There are conflicting reports and controversy8 s {8 e5 | A; U# U7 h; |
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- k% l( q! F' B
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' a, J( B0 Z4 H- O
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 i* B! ?/ ^1 w# @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, E4 A9 U+ L6 H2 B1 k2 a) J
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 g! U2 d- m) _. q9 R, h1 bchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% {2 F8 I6 i! ?4 ~/ s4 h% Ipenile length in clinical studies.9 \+ L$ c9 O- s" C' g5 F, E
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is, ?' ^4 H2 X0 {8 R8 M6 m V
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% E3 l% t4 g3 ~& p* t. \7 ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% s, n+ R/ ?# O. _7 Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' w5 [) h- [' Z3 u- E, P
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of, g" ^! `3 i3 E* X# k' j
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
* S3 a& _ S( J0 t) Z* Ethe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 h) r" J6 R3 E
height will not be affected., V: H7 C& [8 P. Z4 M2 z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-# j8 Y4 v$ t( o- x# l+ R& P. Y
ability of androgen products in our society may) j" k H O9 q. D: x! Q
indeed cause more virilization in male or female ~4 M& a2 A+ d! S) Y
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: t9 A3 \9 ]9 P9 \9 |1 ~7 `gen products must be considered and specific ques-( ?3 m# V# f' z* ~+ q3 l
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 D/ A {, z* @/ ?
gel should be asked of the family members during& t- x' L+ q1 x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-# n# _+ Q, ]9 o3 D! J- d
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- ?% c& _$ Y& ^( G- f
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, E' s# p( H% I+ M& Qappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; @ N. u) c7 M% s) o! q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ X. h" u9 _- I/ M8 x% s
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 |( }0 R; _) r1 l7 f
investigation. The primary care physician should be
; T3 ~+ N9 l/ |5 Waware of this fact, because most of these children
% m7 [( J7 m( Z( {8 v2 q$ u' fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, w" N1 y% `2 X% Q% ~% T# J+ Y! I/ GDesk Reference and package insert should also put a" ^- Y; Y: \" E# H1 G
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; \% o. n5 o6 v5 X4 _. F! Yfemale child who might come in contact with some-
4 Y3 [/ E' u$ V& |7 F) l4 Done using any of these products.
- X2 B4 k0 U' L; |# H0 N7 lReferences
. c- i: g9 O* K/ s& L. A; z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 }% B( S9 D( p1 x
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% C# T. V4 ]) a; V
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! F% F+ N4 N9 ?/ E" m
2002: 565-628.( T4 @1 P7 W& y: B9 I5 a
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ _2 ~$ C. T: m$ U/ S% h; n/ Z1 l8 c
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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