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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 c. t8 V! ^+ x9 K5 ?& y; m) Y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical8 ^- T5 v) }1 t- s3 T
Exposure to Testosterone, `( `' B0 b, M6 M$ I, l
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% Z. O/ @$ t0 d
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 Z4 R; q1 j( g! R# r0 ~ EClinical Pediatrics
+ `- P, [, R VVolume 46 Number 68 H+ ]- @: m. U, A
July 2007 540-543
5 j( f8 |' d) E5 r4 ~© 2007 Sage Publications$ _) |4 @, G, T4 y- S+ D
10.1177/0009922806296651
% E1 {1 a+ }5 V/ ?/ W5 x4 uhttp://clp.sagepub.com2 u* Q, a. u, d; T+ a" Z2 c
hosted at
7 }+ B3 Q% ^- q7 {! ghttp://online.sagepub.com
$ \+ O2 Y4 i8 F5 c% TPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 W8 k/ f7 U, _4 V5 {* Z9 A# Bis a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 v0 t4 B0 V. {precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
3 L' u+ K5 y+ `3 A# G! A! K6 vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ V1 b( v, {! _- m) o3 Z6 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" L' }" H* [: a0 @8 Zlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, }9 b$ A- D+ V& Q
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) B |7 h& k# B& h2 V( z, N' L3 o& c* Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
: o8 S( `+ M! l f$ h8 Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 u( A- p1 _4 y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& Q v) j' H, F! o5 `- G3 ?3 Cenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ j* `. o. n" K, Q1 p7 dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 Q4 L# V7 U$ Bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% b4 d) M" h/ Qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ ^, G, x L8 o" M2 m8 wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
* \0 l9 }# w: r) Ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of* H+ C) p+ j1 d5 z/ O o
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' @6 w4 q1 V! u4 \" h& ^bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ V1 i6 j) e h; E$ Z4 jliterature.4
! W/ V8 i8 W8 o: yPatient Report
% p# g( `" K1 {1 l! h$ S. CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the' }* q9 M$ S6 Z# v4 ~% Y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& _0 ]: I# m: x: S- a/ K% H: u, jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 l: j! } q( J, llight colored pubic hair development when he was
% x/ O4 B" M' F% _' kFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 @2 d1 X D2 e' NSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 ]/ k: Q7 F' \! T# B5 A( u
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: |4 g! d* G* k+ r1 w( c
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
- _, b: ] U$ y$ M( oMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- c! [ h3 B: U! _e-mail: [email protected].
% N/ G' b# |0 }2 Zabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became G, U* p0 ?! q# p
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, P5 ~9 O6 p! C: xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 @: g; f0 [- B2 O K: _1 s
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 |! Y g; r+ ^; B& |; b F& Ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 K8 Y( B& `/ e
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ X1 I/ H, L0 [) F, f. \. [. R8 w( dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 B4 ?" u" l) Z6 ~. {% V; S6 n$ k& K6 T
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 W2 [) V' p. D6 C$ B: g* cand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 v: V0 y- j6 Z; t9 z; \1 Uwas age appropriate.$ r) k% ` C. z4 R' c
The family history was remarkable for the father,
4 C& k5 F" Y3 Jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- z$ r3 W# B& Y, u* H" Z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s) ?0 H9 j3 m7 c& S S
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* i* `2 k: G7 }/ n
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
R& |* z! J& Q( E FThe father denied taking any other medication. The
9 P4 O, x' [- ]6 Ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche7 Z. q5 X; q- {- v n- Y- W& w
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- P6 S) J( g' e: t! q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-# Q7 X) F/ J* @4 w. \8 \2 f/ W
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, ]% f' D1 B5 F& a& |tives. There were no siblings.
* f& `7 k% {. F/ `& d, w6 C1 j4 `Physical Examination
' Q7 i$ O* u% r5 A* mThe physical examination revealed a very active,3 u7 ~# q8 b5 F8 J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
G' k7 m s- C' {. v9 ]a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. q9 O( p G- W- t) R/ N% t90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" _2 n8 I: ?( ]$ g/ G$ j6 ], G; Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% i& g# u2 c& F/ Q/ m' _$ f9 Avelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# W4 R5 Y: @5 P- U, {2 Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.* \. @% }: g* M9 R. Y( I/ K5 x
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ }: F! ^0 e, S" ienlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, l" e! t+ R3 {" i+ g8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: n8 p4 ?6 |! o: N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 o6 }5 M) S, Y6 n7 C+ m2 D# u
540
' v9 N* n- u; U4 l' `at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 ]; g. @ z* X7 F( D% vthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 v2 x- ], n: w( j& `" A9 Itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) b' q& f( ^+ s, Y( [$ i+ sThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) {" a5 X" u8 D& J6 L, n
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' C5 x$ `. |' F, R$ H/ l' L! {abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 L ]7 c2 ]8 l L. U% C' D
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 L) }' g) A4 Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 \8 Q0 F# x& G& [! H
of papilledema.
. v7 Q. n: [5 k. `9 `Laboratory Evaluation& W. v( |* r) M& ?( L7 ]' b
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- Z, e- G2 n6 z* p: Cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" h" p7 S! t* m5 \' \
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 r" {$ p9 R4 ?6 s' \karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
8 y0 G& c! N( I6 o; B0 ~showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu- `7 ]. E% w; `) E6 p3 x
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 K+ v: `$ C6 V |6 L$ a' BThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% P) E9 ?. u" W1 E0 s9 {, B Eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, l2 F: t. F2 F; C% ~
within normal range for his age. The concentration K7 V* a- B8 j5 C
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 h8 \$ m1 i" ?' Q ?* ^# T' U
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 t% F& X# n a2 w yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) @0 F5 Q1 \+ O( K5 R) A6 Q) K" eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 |7 _6 X7 p3 b3 w$ Udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ t- w9 f2 b5 f# J; A49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
a/ j3 `8 }& f" H$ @( \was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 H$ ~: M9 L$ K( x% ytisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total' b3 A* s8 N* _5 B A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' V4 }' w( o3 |- b, Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. J# E( l5 G. R ^8 h
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular# j' L$ G. ?2 d, k
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. ~7 |2 e* \4 r3 |& jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' m8 F# x# w1 u k
(prepubertal).
& _; [- o) h: R# WThe parents were notified about the laboratory
$ o b" b4 p+ D4 I0 K* [2 ^# kresults and were informed that all of the tests were; i( W) T8 U4 y/ C4 [- R" Q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) C+ h- j& E8 _7 a w
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, `* m% l% Q8 nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-% w5 l' P8 ]/ C b. r
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& d# D$ P3 F1 p. L3 PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 P; h! @' y: v( y& R% C4 M. lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained! X5 o4 j {$ X a! t+ ?4 P
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 ?% N q/ _! J( A, eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! M, D+ M* M/ @$ r! s$ _' }3 [* p+ k
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( A9 G) W' z+ _- O- [0 m3 S7 u
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- F. x# q# d, ]( nmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- C( A0 k& o" q; aThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ ]6 f9 y7 v- V
ing frequent erections.1 O! U3 K/ N+ F. b
Both parents were again questioned about use of
8 c- {7 b2 y" N x f0 Qany ointment/creams that they may have applied to' N0 N/ J. @; Y8 R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the0 G9 P( H3 w, w8 J
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541/ V5 A+ D$ M1 B- {
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- w8 J) u* l* m e, O8 Z; P
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! X( } b" O0 P
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed& I# |( n1 b; B; L
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% g# O5 { {% e
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 z2 z1 f1 V! u2 Q2 o5 D9 Ssecondary to depression.
" |* a0 B" H/ c6 @ {The child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 R- Z" r$ K p: fThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 C" C! g6 e W6 m2 R0 _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# b1 X# G3 G( [8 A# F
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 ]1 h" I1 R9 u6 G) bThe father also admitted that after the phone call," Z t" R( R7 p& z& M$ n; e3 V9 f) E6 ]$ T
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; ?" C- E; o! @/ I Z8 |# A, J* J; Y
was high, he then read the product information
w+ F: I, M6 t9 E! m7 L8 B( Bpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& B' e" L; T+ l. ~. m9 A
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they9 Y& I7 D7 G: s# x' {
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% C) [/ y% e% a2 W! Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 p) j) o; e1 F" R2 S! G P7 j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
7 Q; Y- m+ i. ]: a, Y. w9 ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 R% F3 L! f4 {# _9 t# V) slaboratory to obtain the test.
' |2 h( K( \0 I2 BDiscussion; }+ \# b, u7 `/ @% l- y7 T
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 y N/ C% y' Q, z5 msexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 i, Y0 l* e0 T8 u+ HPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
! Q$ ^# D7 o: A. G: C6 n; i7 i, R3 Lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 ~ p0 t# \) |9 [2 e! x
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; D5 C3 b- @, g9 y! x
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, r; p; J. ^7 x* I8 c6 Cmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
% y4 `* o* i4 u+ G Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. b* p/ X! C8 H' Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! ^% K) M9 Y h6 i/ s
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% Z0 i4 d P% h; D) Q% P3 B% C6 h
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) J$ X) t# G; bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ N: L; t I5 C8 m$ T
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: N5 }* C, V9 E( h9 Z
gonadotropins.1,3
5 q$ w! [6 l5 cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
9 X1 M, v# C7 n5 {6 ]' ^9 wcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 \" K3 {; I R- p/ F3 A
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
( [& R p5 ~2 P/ oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& D+ r- `* ^( J+ P% a' E5 O5 B, tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* t" ~, m; s$ O) D2 Icongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ u( o* B3 Z# a, y+ u j+ Q1 {: t0 @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ K, E. v: d* l( Apuberty in boys.3,4
0 a7 N, j7 h6 o3 k1 v2 yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, [% [2 }7 X2 |7 t% |* Fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- [; R9 t0 Z/ W( p! QThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in: k q |4 m0 A2 d
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. ^* }7 k& W# ?# Q5 x/ qan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
$ @! H4 ]; f# c, d7 @excess.1,3% K$ t& h; e. V1 T( ^4 e" a# S Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* ^) ~0 H" Q$ S) u% A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# y9 W0 R# |5 Z- K: M/ g- b
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 }% f& q+ D7 D+ e% G8 T N0 Z" ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
" d4 d5 G. T/ F3 P) aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
; i$ F9 u4 a9 wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 r$ P- z0 @# Lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 u1 Z5 M& U# ~9 }9 g
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 ^ E9 C( ~7 }. j3 j$ N4 c) X
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder- r. \$ C/ s. m: O* O5 r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; Z% [4 [' W; _! Spubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 c" Y, ^' l: O S- o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
! z$ ~1 [- h# Y3 w8 ^autosomal dominant disorder that affects only" c' Q" ?2 X/ D9 S r# M2 m2 S, m
males; therefore, other male members of the family4 p& y3 V8 I( w& [. p6 c& O
may have similar precocious puberty.3( x" E- V" ]8 F: R+ B: d. T0 Y
In our patient, physical examination was incon-4 h" F& j1 L$ u
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
2 J0 H+ o: L( k7 gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ v* f( \: ~( D1 J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 h2 n% B" o4 V# L1 _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,. ^* z1 M$ x4 i: H
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! c8 {6 \& D! R
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 [, v ^( U" r$ k* c, W% ?% x( ] J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* d/ \. c3 _; L8 Q* \biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 F5 J, K( X* A N }
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& Q8 ?6 q4 Q1 C2 ]deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. S2 y0 P" U a7 l8 m4 C
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# o( c/ Y: |4 O! bThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 J/ H! P# w7 J5 g; K. Y- x! _
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 L' w+ d& M0 Y& G& [$ z% s
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
& {1 m* q, a! U! o. lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 k; i4 Y0 L1 d( v. d8 pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
; H' U# [, d8 [ e9 q2 gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( O4 n2 k/ V; N% c$ _1 t9 vusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# t, S. A0 W( g' S: _% W: Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ H$ X' q4 W# J: Fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- m& x+ q& j4 P/ Y; w0 Y0 Vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 ^1 B3 }0 ?: g/ L) ^Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* s+ ~7 m& c0 d1 a. k& ?) f" m2 {
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) _/ P% C1 H2 T
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ ~! q' H# C9 y9 P3 L0 T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-$ I* u% C% i5 @7 `0 u5 T& B
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
9 A. f# M C/ F. X5 P4 ?) H2 oOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 m& ?, L& a; ]0 |! R; T& Swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& J5 l2 R9 f1 b* Y' w. gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 V. s7 B* j# C7 E* I; Q( g6 G4 K
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 F2 ]5 G4 [, W9 g( ~active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 Y" N& b, U, y# f5 L# g3 dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 b! k- b! A: ]7 C
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* L) W- f- V) y- M J% D) k
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( ~6 W4 }, z6 ^# B$ p2 D
children results in an increase in growth velocity and* B; ~3 P! v. d5 _" x) S
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ V3 }% i/ R0 |: z+ yThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during. j! F' { u7 k" {! b7 N
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 C5 ]3 o2 H0 K t* x* ?adult height are not fully known and always remain
6 e# ^4 T% h9 Za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" ]0 C" s4 ?- q+ U% L/ n( \: Xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* J p- ~# G8 U/ |1 t/ Z
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' _9 G7 X3 T. Q/ z1 |
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ Y- b8 G7 G) w3 g$ g, H0 Q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# ~1 |$ l. j2 k1 w$ g% N
There are conflicting reports and controversy$ r6 d: @, @! F2 |! }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
) S% ^5 W) f4 m2 b: C$ _penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 e7 \8 p. N3 U; u3 y+ h& r5 M" P6 Xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( v- N9 r$ o' [; _ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& q# Z: h8 x0 K0 ESutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
, r* j( z* ]( p8 x5 xchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: u) p: I' E' r+ `
penile length in clinical studies.
! u8 B# }% M( e+ _+ K s! d6 ANonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( M$ r% w# [8 W; s' L8 F
going to experience any of the untoward effects from. e( }7 H7 _4 i% l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 V. m7 n! M* c' \- q# W' wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: t# t9 D" C9 q9 O+ ?0 v: K2 D
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of6 r& [+ `, _/ |% A8 C. B2 {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! e1 P' r1 k- @8 b; Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult' T' [8 X* B: O$ u
height will not be affected.
/ U M- \) X" _) \( K$ C" }Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
; E, y! ~% Z7 @7 Rability of androgen products in our society may
5 C& s" C; c. d0 H" ?indeed cause more virilization in male or female
" y' r$ m5 @$ O8 m9 l, zchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. P" \: v- w+ K/ V! |gen products must be considered and specific ques-* j6 F& r: o" c, s6 x& G
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 i* Q( I- O& Fgel should be asked of the family members during, N$ i9 i. \9 t8 Y" j
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-5 p9 e" {" o: F3 C6 {' ?
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
) \! B0 P# j5 Z; ]nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 I- O4 I V( f/ @% @2 kappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 I3 i2 x# Z& x' ^3 r
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
1 L+ E# k( ^$ `* }; i) c" e2 mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ x: ^1 A! H( b0 V, yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' J0 P6 {, P0 q/ L% T! |! O, Baware of this fact, because most of these children
& {: ?2 w7 k; x. W `% E' lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 @) f/ c& ^3 ^2 T
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a4 I& E5 ]4 e6 M+ D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% ~ M3 j2 G4 o; u
female child who might come in contact with some-
, t+ w- ]4 }2 H; ]1 Rone using any of these products.
: P% Y5 Z+ V& K4 J. I* D G @6 aReferences$ C$ u1 ]: v$ r
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. C8 l# J4 H! H: H4 Gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 n! e) s2 K6 v! N
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ q; t2 [5 q6 `# T' V
2002: 565-628.
, j3 L7 p( p( n2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: m9 i; S& n- x# P+ B. ?! w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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