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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 c. t8 V! ^+ x9 K5 ?& y; m) Y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical8 ^- T5 v) }1 t- s3 T
Exposure to Testosterone, `( `' B0 b, M6 M$ I, l
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% Z. O/ @$ t0 d
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 Z4 R; q1 j( g! R# r0 ~  EClinical Pediatrics
+ `- P, [, R  VVolume 46 Number 68 H+ ]- @: m. U, A
July 2007 540-543
5 j( f8 |' d) E5 r4 ~© 2007 Sage Publications$ _) |4 @, G, T4 y- S+ D
10.1177/0009922806296651
% E1 {1 a+ }5 V/ ?/ W5 x4 uhttp://clp.sagepub.com2 u* Q, a. u, d; T+ a" Z2 c
hosted at
7 }+ B3 Q% ^- q7 {! ghttp://online.sagepub.com
$ \+ O2 Y4 i8 F5 c% TPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 W8 k/ f7 U, _4 V5 {* Z9 A# Bis a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 v0 t4 B0 V. {precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
3 L' u+ K5 y+ `3 A# G! A! K6 vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ V1 b( v, {! _- m) o3 Z6 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" L' }" H* [: a0 @8 Zlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, }9 b$ A- D+ V& Q
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) B  |7 h& k# B& h2 V( z, N' L3 o& c* Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
: o8 S( `+ M! l  f$ h8 Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 u( A- p1 _4 y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& Q  v) j' H, F! o5 `- G3 ?3 Cenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ j* `. o. n" K, Q1 p7 dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 Q4 L# V7 U$ Bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% b4 d) M" h/ Qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ ^, G, x  L8 o" M2 m8 wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
* \0 l9 }# w: r) Ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of* H+ C) p+ j1 d5 z/ O  o
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' @6 w4 q1 V! u4 \" h& ^bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ V1 i6 j) e  h; E$ Z4 jliterature.4
! W/ V8 i8 W8 o: yPatient Report
% p# g( `" K1 {1 l! h$ S. CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the' }* q9 M$ S6 Z# v4 ~% Y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& _0 ]: I# m: x: S- a/ K% H: u, jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 l: j! }  q( J, llight colored pubic hair development when he was
% x/ O4 B" M' F% _' kFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 @2 d1 X  D2 e' NSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 ]/ k: Q7 F' \! T# B5 A( u
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: |4 g! d* G* k+ r1 w( c
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
- _, b: ]  U$ y$ M( oMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- c! [  h3 B: U! _e-mail: [email protected].
% N/ G' b# |0 }2 Zabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  G, U* p0 ?! q# p
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, P5 ~9 O6 p! C: xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 @: g; f0 [- B2 O  K: _1 s
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 |! Y  g; r+ ^; B& |; b  F& Ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 K8 Y( B& `/ e
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ X1 I/ H, L0 [) F, f. \. [. R8 w( dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 B4 ?" u" l) Z6 ~. {% V; S6 n$ k& K6 T
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 W2 [) V' p. D6 C$ B: g* cand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 v: V0 y- j6 Z; t9 z; \1 Uwas age appropriate.$ r) k% `  C. z4 R' c
The family history was remarkable for the father,
4 C& k5 F" Y3 Jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- z$ r3 W# B& Y, u* H" Z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s) ?0 H9 j3 m7 c& S  S
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* i* `2 k: G7 }/ n
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  R& |* z! J& Q( E  FThe father denied taking any other medication. The
9 P4 O, x' [- ]6 Ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche7 Z. q5 X; q- {- v  n- Y- W& w
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- P6 S) J( g' e: t! q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-# Q7 X) F/ J* @4 w. \8 \2 f/ W
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, ]% f' D1 B5 F& a& |tives. There were no siblings.
* f& `7 k% {. F/ `& d, w6 C1 j4 `Physical Examination
' Q7 i$ O* u% r5 A* mThe physical examination revealed a very active,3 u7 ~# q8 b5 F8 J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
  G' k7 m  s- C' {. v9 ]a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. q9 O( p  G- W- t) R/ N% t90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" _2 n8 I: ?( ]$ g/ G$ j6 ], G; Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% i& g# u2 c& F/ Q/ m' _$ f9 Avelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# W4 R5 Y: @5 P- U, {2 Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.* \. @% }: g* M9 R. Y( I/ K5 x
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ }: F! ^0 e, S" ienlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, l" e! t+ R3 {" i+ g8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: n8 p4 ?6 |! o: N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 o6 }5 M) S, Y6 n7 C+ m2 D# u
540
' v9 N* n- u; U4 l' `at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 ]; g. @  z* X7 F( D% vthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 v2 x- ], n: w( j& `" A9 Itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) b' q& f( ^+ s, Y( [$ i+ sThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) {" a5 X" u8 D& J6 L, n
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' C5 x$ `. |' F, R$ H/ l' L! {abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 L  ]7 c2 ]8 l  L. U% C' D
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 L) }' g) A4 Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 \8 Q0 F# x& G& [! H
of papilledema.
. v7 Q. n: [5 k. `9 `Laboratory Evaluation& W. v( |* r) M& ?( L7 ]' b
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- Z, e- G2 n6 z* p: Cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" h" p7 S! t* m5 \' \
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 r" {$ p9 R4 ?6 s' \karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
8 y0 G& c! N( I6 o; B0 ~showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  `7 ]. E% w; `) E6 p3 x
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 K+ v: `$ C6 V  |6 L$ a' BThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% P) E9 ?. u" W1 E0 s9 {, B  Eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, l2 F: t. F2 F; C% ~
within normal range for his age. The concentration  K7 V* a- B8 j5 C
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 h8 \$ m1 i" ?' Q  ?* ^# T' U
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 t% F& X# n  a2 w  yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) @0 F5 Q1 \+ O( K5 R) A6 Q) K" eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 |7 _6 X7 p3 b3 w$ Udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ t- w9 f2 b5 f# J; A49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
  a/ j3 `8 }& f" H$ @( \was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 H$ ~: M9 L$ K( x% ytisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total' b3 A* s8 N* _5 B  A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' V4 }' w( o3 |- b, Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. J# E( l5 G. R  ^8 h
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular# j' L$ G. ?2 d, k
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. ~7 |2 e* \4 r3 |& jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' m8 F# x# w1 u  k
(prepubertal).
& _; [- o) h: R# WThe parents were notified about the laboratory
$ o  b" b4 p+ D4 I0 K* [2 ^# kresults and were informed that all of the tests were; i( W) T8 U4 y/ C4 [- R" Q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) C+ h- j& E8 _7 a  w
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, `* m% l% Q8 nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-% w5 l' P8 ]/ C  b. r
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& d# D$ P3 F1 p. L3 PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 P; h! @' y: v( y& R% C4 M. lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained! X5 o4 j  {$ X  a! t+ ?4 P
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 ?% N  q/ _! J( A, eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! M, D+ M* M/ @$ r! s$ _' }3 [* p+ k
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( A9 G) W' z+ _- O- [0 m3 S7 u
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- F. x# q# d, ]( nmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- C( A0 k& o" q; aThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ ]6 f9 y7 v- V
ing frequent erections.1 O! U3 K/ N+ F. b
Both parents were again questioned about use of
8 c- {7 b2 y" N  x  f0 Qany ointment/creams that they may have applied to' N0 N/ J. @; Y8 R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the0 G9 P( H3 w, w8 J
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541/ V5 A+ D$ M1 B- {
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- w8 J) u* l* m  e, O8 Z; P
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! X( }  b" O0 P
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed& I# |( n1 b; B; L
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% g# O5 {  {% e
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 z2 z1 f1 V! u2 Q2 o5 D9 Ssecondary to depression.
" |* a0 B" H/ c6 @  {The child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 R- Z" r$ K  p: fThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 C" C! g6 e  W6 m2 R0 _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# b1 X# G3 G( [8 A# F
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 ]1 h" I1 R9 u6 G) bThe father also admitted that after the phone call," Z  t" R( R7 p& z& M$ n; e3 V9 f) E6 ]$ T
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; ?" C- E; o! @/ I  Z8 |# A, J* J; Y
was high, he then read the product information
  w+ F: I, M6 t9 E! m7 L8 B( Bpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& B' e" L; T+ l. ~. m9 A
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they9 Y& I7 D7 G: s# x' {
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% C) [/ y% e% a2 W! Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 p) j) o; e1 F" R2 S! G  P7 j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
7 Q; Y- m+ i. ]: a, Y. w9 ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 R% F3 L! f4 {# _9 t# V) slaboratory to obtain the test.
' |2 h( K( \0 I2 BDiscussion; }+ \# b, u7 `/ @% l- y7 T
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 y  N/ C% y' Q, z5 msexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 i, Y0 l* e0 T8 u+ HPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
! Q$ ^# D7 o: A. G: C6 n; i7 i, R3 Lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 ~  p0 t# \) |9 [2 e! x
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; D5 C3 b- @, g9 y! x
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, r; p; J. ^7 x* I8 c6 Cmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
% y4 `* o* i4 u+ G  Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. b* p/ X! C8 H' Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! ^% K) M9 Y  h6 i/ s
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% Z0 i4 d  P% h; D) Q% P3 B% C6 h
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) J$ X) t# G; bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ N: L; t  I5 C8 m$ T
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: N5 }* C, V9 E( h9 Z
gonadotropins.1,3
5 q$ w! [6 l5 cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
9 X1 M, v# C7 n5 {6 ]' ^9 wcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 \" K3 {; I  R- p/ F3 A
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
( [& R  p5 ~2 P/ oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& D+ r- `* ^( J+ P% a' E5 O5 B, tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* t" ~, m; s$ O) D2 Icongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ u( o* B3 Z# a, y+ u  j+ Q1 {: t0 @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ K, E. v: d* l( Apuberty in boys.3,4
0 a7 N, j7 h6 o3 k1 v2 yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, [% [2 }7 X2 |7 t% |* Fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- [; R9 t0 Z/ W( p! QThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in: k  q  |4 m0 A2 d
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. ^* }7 k& W# ?# Q5 x/ qan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
$ @! H4 ]; f# c, d7 @excess.1,3% K$ t& h; e. V1 T( ^4 e" a# S  Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* ^) ~0 H" Q$ S) u% A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# y9 W0 R# |5 Z- K: M/ g- b
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 }% f& q+ D7 D+ e% G8 T  N0 Z" ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
" d4 d5 G. T/ F3 P) aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
; i$ F9 u4 a9 wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 r$ P- z0 @# Lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 u1 Z5 M& U# ~9 }9 g
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 ^  E9 C( ~7 }. j3 j$ N4 c) X
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder- r. \$ C/ s. m: O* O5 r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; Z% [4 [' W; _! Spubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 c" Y, ^' l: O  S- o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
! z$ ~1 [- h# Y3 w8 ^autosomal dominant disorder that affects only" c' Q" ?2 X/ D9 S  r# M2 m2 S, m
males; therefore, other male members of the family4 p& y3 V8 I( w& [. p6 c& O
may have similar precocious puberty.3( x" E- V" ]8 F: R+ B: d. T0 Y
In our patient, physical examination was incon-4 h" F& j1 L$ u
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
2 J0 H+ o: L( k7 gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ v* f( \: ~( D1 J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 h2 n% B" o4 V# L1 _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,. ^* z1 M$ x4 i: H
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! c8 {6 \& D! R
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 [, v  ^( U" r$ k* c, W% ?% x( ]  J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* d/ \. c3 _; L8 Q* \biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 F5 J, K( X* A  N  }
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& Q8 ?6 q4 Q1 C2 ]deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. S2 y0 P" U  a7 l8 m4 C
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# o( c/ Y: |4 O! bThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 J/ H! P# w7 J5 g; K. Y- x! _
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 L' w+ d& M0 Y& G& [$ z% s
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
& {1 m* q, a! U! o. lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 k; i4 Y0 L1 d( v. d8 pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
; H' U# [, d8 [  e9 q2 gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( O4 n2 k/ V; N% c$ _1 t9 vusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# t, S. A0 W( g' S: _% W: Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ H$ X' q4 W# J: Fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- m& x+ q& j4 P/ Y; w0 Y0 Vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 ^1 B3 }0 ?: g/ L) ^Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* s+ ~7 m& c0 d1 a. k& ?) f" m2 {
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) _/ P% C1 H2 T
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ ~! q' H# C9 y9 P3 L0 T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-$ I* u% C% i5 @7 `0 u5 T& B
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
9 A. f# M  C/ F. X5 P4 ?) H2 oOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 m& ?, L& a; ]0 |! R; T& Swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& J5 l2 R9 f1 b* Y' w. gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 V. s7 B* j# C7 E* I; Q( g6 G4 K
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 F2 ]5 G4 [, W9 g( ~active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 Y" N& b, U, y# f5 L# g3 dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 b! k- b! A: ]7 C
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* L) W- f- V) y- M  J% D) k
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( ~6 W4 }, z6 ^# B$ p2 D
children results in an increase in growth velocity and* B; ~3 P! v. d5 _" x) S
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ V3 }% i/ R0 |: z+ yThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during. j! F' {  u7 k" {! b7 N
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 C5 ]3 o2 H0 K  t* x* ?adult height are not fully known and always remain
6 e# ^4 T% h9 Za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" ]0 C" s4 ?- q+ U% L/ n( \: Xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* J  p- ~# G8 U/ |1 t/ Z
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' _9 G7 X3 T. Q/ z1 |
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ Y- b8 G7 G) w3 g$ g, H0 Q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# ~1 |$ l. j2 k1 w$ g% N
There are conflicting reports and controversy$ r6 d: @, @! F2 |! }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
) S% ^5 W) f4 m2 b: C$ _penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 e7 \8 p. N3 U; u3 y+ h& r5 M" P6 Xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( v- N9 r$ o' [; _ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& q# Z: h8 x0 K0 ESutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
, r* j( z* ]( p8 x5 xchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: u) p: I' E' r+ `
penile length in clinical studies.
! u8 B# }% M( e+ _+ K  s! d6 ANonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( M$ r% w# [8 W; s' L8 F
going to experience any of the untoward effects from. e( }7 H7 _4 i% l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 V. m7 n! M* c' \- q# W' wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: t# t9 D" C9 q9 O+ ?0 v: K2 D
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of6 r& [+ `, _/ |% A8 C. B2 {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! e1 P' r1 k- @8 b; Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult' T' [8 X* B: O$ u
height will not be affected.
/ U  M- \) X" _) \( K$ C" }Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
; E, y! ~% Z7 @7 Rability of androgen products in our society may
5 C& s" C; c. d0 H" ?indeed cause more virilization in male or female
" y' r$ m5 @$ O8 m9 l, zchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. P" \: v- w+ K/ V! |gen products must be considered and specific ques-* j6 F& r: o" c, s6 x& G
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 i* Q( I- O& Fgel should be asked of the family members during, N$ i9 i. \9 t8 Y" j
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-5 p9 e" {" o: F3 C6 {' ?
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
) \! B0 P# j5 Z; ]nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 I- O4 I  V( f/ @% @2 kappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 I3 i2 x# Z& x' ^3 r
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
1 L+ E# k( ^$ `* }; i) c" e2 mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ x: ^1 A! H( b0 V, yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' J0 P6 {, P0 q/ L% T! |! O, Baware of this fact, because most of these children
& {: ?2 w7 k; x. W  `% E' lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 @) f/ c& ^3 ^2 T
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a4 I& E5 ]4 e6 M+ D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% ~  M3 j2 G4 o; u
female child who might come in contact with some-
, t+ w- ]4 }2 H; ]1 Rone using any of these products.
: P% Y5 Z+ V& K4 J. I* D  G  @6 aReferences$ C$ u1 ]: v$ r
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. C8 l# J4 H! H: H4 Gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 n! e) s2 K6 v! N
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ q; t2 [5 q6 `# T' V
2002: 565-628.
, j3 L7 p( p( n2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: m9 i; S& n- x# P+ B. ?! w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 n  q, X9 a/ ~" u* _Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
: a& d% s& F% L  Q* j; mExposure to Testosterone  ~# a0 _) r6 b; M! Q( d, C1 V# \
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2! W) J8 F, S- c5 t( o  h
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 W  B4 |0 I4 W3 b+ k8 Z
Clinical Pediatrics6 ?- P1 @  }) d) _2 b7 C8 w1 Y
Volume 46 Number 6) X& ]4 u* b3 ]# ^7 j, Z
July 2007 540-543
* I- `6 a- s3 k' N8 k© 2007 Sage Publications
; j$ s0 F" g* c' m) @+ h4 H10.1177/0009922806296651
' \- ?) L6 k& h3 x$ Nhttp://clp.sagepub.com: ?7 s$ F: j2 G. R+ Q1 ]
hosted at7 B/ y3 m% ~- Y4 i% V, J
http://online.sagepub.com$ x% {9 N) I. q( U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
' D9 s% C* c, M1 ~is a significant concern for physicians. Central3 g7 A1 P  o, g3 _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: `' F9 o4 `0 lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 u$ U5 g, l! W9 |5 e5 na higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 c* r7 o( h! N; s1 clesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested' O3 w: L: c3 M; m& ~
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( y; e( z, X9 o' |  f
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ t/ e$ S( o4 ?% d) Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ \9 `2 y1 v" b$ Q2 |! s% C, Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the1 I8 S9 F& @4 I5 v
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& C, n' n! ?, Y5 U8 Y1 s
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% r1 j5 W1 b( vto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 V+ }, n/ h" S2 Cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
3 N3 u+ C8 r# a, A- fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% X* @4 c" G1 l5 e1 W& x3 Y2 N
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. N- C$ @, r# m/ q) _; s
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& F; {( }8 X& c4 p$ ?( @7 hbly more common than the rare case report in the
. u2 F2 G0 z6 M8 Fliterature.4# a. L2 _! E7 [* G  D% f
Patient Report  Y. b4 f7 T3 C% u2 M/ G; N! Y1 ^( V. T
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ B) H% W5 Y. O2 Nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ N8 M: [; v. |8 C& @! N
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ {, `- g! ^7 y$ Z7 \, g' vlight colored pubic hair development when he was
8 Z. B: [6 O" ~. @9 N3 yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of3 O, E# W; _7 a& J: i( q, \
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
9 F3 f7 x% G" h0 j; j1 ^Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! a7 t' O" B- [- I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& C! M. [6 m  A; ~3 h
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
( t2 e) n( [- ~8 q0 o8 e8 G2 qe-mail: [email protected].
9 P% c; m4 O$ Eabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) n+ ~" M& S" Q, y. N
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 y! G' S5 c8 S4 s6 R' W
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ s' L6 E' B* n1 }( V/ iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with1 P0 `* S. I2 X* i! {, q+ b
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 F. [9 _5 @9 ~) i: g/ H20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
' C6 _4 a9 {) _/ I) ]5 a" Eof life and was still receiving breast milk along with; p) M. r) }; ?" _2 M
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% k! t4 h: e5 c  f9 `& k5 q$ m
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 S6 B5 _) C; ]4 E2 R' U0 U
was age appropriate.! x5 n" v- s9 X8 h6 G5 C0 y
The family history was remarkable for the father,- Y" N. Y. W. i. L9 s& l+ F$ f
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 S% z  x# Q8 a1 V2 ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" ^) k, z3 g* P8 a& @; ]0 m
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( C$ h. N" }/ Y- E% r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." K7 C4 ~* t, J3 C2 i
The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 n0 k  |  m0 l5 c0 pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- t) V6 y  s' D/ B1 E: wwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
* w' |8 B4 C8 }& @% g5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
# k  `, y$ }5 e  K$ Ucocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 q9 g7 i+ ^, U2 H
tives. There were no siblings." r/ v9 @% f+ O, t" @% H: Q
Physical Examination
! V; Z. l# f! ]2 g8 ~1 h/ n* eThe physical examination revealed a very active,( a, y5 \. w" u" F& Y! N: }8 \! E2 k; v
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% j9 G% \% C2 G* y1 N! }6 z6 F0 b. [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 e7 D( y  Y1 A; X3 w) B8 g# X
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. \" Q" N, `8 u0 j9 Z  r! M7 m(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% e+ Y' R6 Y$ r
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' h+ J" ]3 G5 j  Pthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) {3 I* E8 K  w% I5 e) x
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! O4 n8 c+ {: k1 ]) tenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  |3 `' f7 j3 o# g0 i2 ]
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: _8 N; u; B$ M4 d% R+ |
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* o- w7 c4 i0 f+ v! i' B540
9 t* f3 u% b& C8 |: {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ K% d& D% `4 j' t0 Bthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: j& o1 B/ p4 S  E4 c, Y8 t  }testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
" v( K/ \' A* {The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. |$ B" e* S; g" q
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 X+ `. `4 @1 o- H  ]$ L3 _$ xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 Z% M" B5 \, ~- N+ PNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! a& B: [* c% C& d2 a% ?bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 s0 ~7 a/ `! q7 ^+ ?4 ?( E
of papilledema.' {0 C9 ^, u. v0 V1 _9 u6 L  ]3 L
Laboratory Evaluation
% t' }* U- w+ P1 pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* {) o+ F* }6 D: k  Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 r7 E: _- s1 |$ c# R4 Q. S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ U+ d' c4 B4 y$ o3 c( M5 k& x1 E
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% t9 v5 G4 N1 M% ?* Z) m. kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. f% g6 f& k% F2 P0 Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
/ n. ?# B* _  a5 B: }" xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ z% s- r! L- O! U" M9 h6 }+ n7 o
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
9 j/ s* Y' ^- D; gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration7 P* {6 s) m& H6 }( e2 w
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
" T$ R# }0 P7 P4 e" a4 k(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
/ W# N0 D$ i6 h9 Vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
% E' c5 @$ A; ?) i: D. p) `! fterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ X' Q/ \* Y% S4 h" G; Mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' {7 g& a' w0 m! r
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 Y% x1 G6 [" A: q0 @" b1 m& k
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( u8 D( n- C* t+ |5 S
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; H- A% p1 ]: V$ x& xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),) ^' c. k2 O5 T7 W7 e5 d
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) _4 k4 c% \" P; B9 v5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ j# ~9 Q+ K4 S7 O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 G" I2 o% \% l3 X6 jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" C1 u/ t& k) T; ^  D1 a
(prepubertal).3 C0 k- Z7 b! m# }( ?2 q# d0 P# y0 f, ]4 D* i
The parents were notified about the laboratory7 i- m$ D  ^4 R$ h, m$ c' h& T/ {
results and were informed that all of the tests were4 o1 ?: q3 n) Q$ n- f8 h" T# {
normal except the testosterone level was high. The. ~" d4 H# f. g) a& j( V+ W  [/ C0 w
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% x) H6 {: X/ U# {
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-  [/ v+ w2 d" w6 ^$ A( t6 n
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
  K% _- k- D' ]7 G4 Z  q9 r+ PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the1 _  v+ y- {0 d! N
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ R2 L5 {8 f8 d( V2 W+ B/ z9 V9 G
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained% d% M) G1 t. c4 v
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
0 U% n- j2 _; U* l: Rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 k# L/ x$ `% y* Uthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ a6 C& o5 u2 _
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 s2 H+ [8 H' O2 \The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ n. }( u1 G9 j6 [) y1 A
ing frequent erections.: Q2 `+ M) d4 y: u4 ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of
% S+ m. f9 n9 X: g$ a: e) i- zany ointment/creams that they may have applied to, l0 ~7 e2 g' E0 J- z
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 {' {2 E9 |- M3 D% K' h/ ?. FTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 E& [8 h# C( ?* a: K. z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# @3 s+ c& l5 `2 o: ?8 x: m/ B
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for0 n8 w" j% s. u1 X: ~7 L% C
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed1 u/ w0 o& q2 e% p# B' T. Q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: z  i& Y! W: ^% g- W* M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido7 R1 C& Q; H% h4 e
secondary to depression.9 ]  C/ V6 ^% ]* f9 Q
The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 l: W5 G, A/ W, j
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
/ k1 i/ J$ _6 ]) `% n, N3 u& @+ Y# zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ |6 X, I. M" D8 F7 W8 y1 V  y! w
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' |8 ^. c4 ?/ K& B0 GThe father also admitted that after the phone call,: }  Z6 J2 v+ V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; R2 w8 [, T& ]7 ~% E3 @6 x& u! r
was high, he then read the product information! @4 L/ u8 V1 n+ V4 q& M( K6 H
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 G0 A* W1 {0 k7 zson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ A4 J, A' A* p$ p; X
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; D/ w+ h3 D$ r2 G
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 {2 S4 `% \! s7 Kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 t0 l5 F, m% P4 V, \( [: {4 mtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ O! V  S) s* @# _laboratory to obtain the test.1 a& ^: A' S; |: e
Discussion
3 @  m+ R; A& F" c' a: U  ^Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ ]3 G7 i$ i# ?8 e5 I8 o( B5 Q7 `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ J9 P% h) `) I" |% J1 I# o
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 ~" n# K: ?' l- z9 y. l+ |it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
  W( s/ w8 M6 Y6 j6 dthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, N4 w% A! G) c' _5 M3 a: t8 |0 c; Fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ n- a5 T7 U) ~4 Lmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
  k) I3 j6 V$ K2 b; A& Y' A7 ^9 lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! I2 w+ k. I! g9 f
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! o2 a0 d" S) W$ ~9 Nsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' R4 o, _: X' i% Z" B- H6 k
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-  b) I0 b; a2 F- W/ K# U! m, U! X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 n: |7 ]$ G- b) D6 r: u
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 d5 z( @' C" q5 N. e+ ^1 X; f5 e
gonadotropins.1,3
$ P3 C1 }% }" ]% ZGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 Q( }1 ]2 S# n: J
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate0 m$ @9 K9 T% j# Q- i2 R
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 R. G. j. O4 B+ h( ~/ P
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
9 D& D6 b' k: Lulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. e' q" R( L6 C9 ]" t% ?# {
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 O! [: X- G$ \9 M$ I5 W
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ M& i; h6 }5 V; r2 ]
puberty in boys.3,4
- ~  }/ B' R5 v! c- N% J1 rThe most common form of congenital adrenal
& l7 b9 J& b$ l# V& j# J$ C& l- lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.; o3 P; O6 w# N0 V0 X  I
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in: x2 B& b4 E* L+ U
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
+ ]* L& H. E2 v9 P; `: }7 L3 g2 O% Aan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen# k, J$ P. `/ E# \0 `, e+ K
excess.1,3/ n2 t0 L; a# P7 N4 K+ @8 d
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( t! ?. F( i- f6 R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( C; q& _% p) }) Z3 @0 C; j. eA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! k  P% w+ t+ a0 ]. tindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 L& M, {& V$ ]: r, ~as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 h) F& @# {$ E9 }
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ z9 k9 q3 m3 B5 d) twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ [( J0 W9 B* R5 t8 Yincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys1 V+ R- J  W3 w  F" {! P8 [
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& x0 B. o- t6 n
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
  y0 @' }9 V' [: L3 ^pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 e% W5 M% K* l6 N7 A* _8 d
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( v# ]1 Z2 T0 ~( Wautosomal dominant disorder that affects only; ^5 E" o! l5 [4 G2 Q9 E
males; therefore, other male members of the family$ U9 G; E) W! Y
may have similar precocious puberty.3
) y) `' e! i2 b  |, L+ n; W/ S/ @In our patient, physical examination was incon-. \. @& s: g! Y; A
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! Z6 [9 N. x# J! Y* Y2 ]* k
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, k) K! r* W6 X: `8 k( ~
was in the differential diagnosis because his father- D2 z# w5 S% k+ B- t3 e
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
2 }9 o' p$ D1 F1 Otesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
: q3 N, ?4 l3 h# C+ Q: t2 cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 t5 N! z/ _$ E3 o, xative initial history of androgen exposure, our" m2 p# F' U# J$ s: r/ H; z
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, F& W, ~/ h" k+ B: aeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 `/ n1 o( ~5 e$ `2 Q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ ~5 _! C5 O/ D, `( W" F
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ s( @! c7 N' Q" J
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly  z. {% J' C( I6 \9 x& r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 S8 C' E* G2 `' i2 Ethe physical examination revealed the complete disap-! u% o4 ]( J* X% [( d8 H7 Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
! T8 |9 j) n* h* J" Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 L. V5 U; J5 ~5 b* M$ m$ M3 K
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& z1 Z8 ~* ^  n6 Q$ a$ u
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 r' ?4 u* q- s* d# J/ \+ YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) z! A8 `: H5 D- W7 O- Ccream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% S6 n+ R' L$ x5 a" L" Y: H' M* U9 Z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 ~# w! W( B% \; ?8 d, _' \
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' d! {- t* {. F$ N0 I6 e' Abaseline value in those females who were exposed to( _  X$ J; [- ?9 s; J% P$ o
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( d  D) X) D9 H+ T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 d$ c. H' `% \" O7 Ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ j! u+ r" e1 KOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  ^* B; v- [+ B9 u: t* Zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 N1 z% b: C% ?3 Q5 ^$ ?
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( Z7 w) v8 p8 [# J! M9 z, v3 W/ ?terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 j9 U6 z, ^- S+ Hactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 Z: ~1 }4 L8 T9 t0 N! m$ T" [exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! A# H9 \, S; p) p: T9 Ldrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" |$ C# w8 [8 ]4 T9 ?
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% ^8 X4 s, s9 f/ b( G; V
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
6 E9 N- p$ r' i* g5 ]advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 b+ g+ {/ Z0 R1 n: i/ vThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 s) D  a4 c  i1 G, Z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
' m6 G* O  M; o0 Z; h8 M7 Sadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ `. Y* W* m7 _; ^4 K/ E. {a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 V# Y9 z3 P" X! W* G/ I
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  I" n: Z; w; R: c
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after  }9 Y* h/ s& P
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 H! O% K3 }7 ~( A: f" M/ i$ m+ Y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9" J2 s# N3 w1 l0 A. p
There are conflicting reports and controversy
+ F; p" N! n. c& f+ V5 j' b" k( Cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' H" C* W+ P  a0 N- T" h8 `
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( }/ t" w2 {, a4 U" Ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% e* D, ~- q! W  q: S, P  n
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& y! x4 _' [; z7 O6 ^/ d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' m4 H0 E7 a5 U
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult8 v& P. N6 M3 n7 F5 {
penile length in clinical studies.$ A  O. O1 v, S* x! Y" x* B
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* j1 z8 N' e. j( Z* w5 O4 o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
6 [) \. r" y# l! y* m7 {( \testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
/ L* d4 F- u- {6 I1 o' {7 Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& u& e9 ]6 B* p9 g) n7 T
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 r2 Z  N& |# `! _4 C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, v7 j4 u. |# A" N
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( Y" \. v- n2 W8 z  K$ M
height will not be affected.
5 [$ v) n& Q  J7 g* GAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 Q/ x5 u, O; c: bability of androgen products in our society may
3 v# J8 M. \" Z( L* X% D* {! Gindeed cause more virilization in male or female7 w# g6 _8 N  o# m3 c5 f
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, A8 r& o& y) I' X8 n1 Kgen products must be considered and specific ques-
, d8 F% M0 o# Mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or. W) x$ d7 `2 I
gel should be asked of the family members during
: K% ]" D$ W# b1 Q( p$ m( w7 X/ sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ @/ ~5 e( m! l6 x/ O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 O9 [. }3 p$ s1 ?
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% j9 K: f9 U+ z* ]5 |) yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& N$ Z  a0 l$ A* \history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
: t) ?* Z: N  a" M6 R+ fresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 @' e- R4 G. T* G2 H5 f  W! ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be7 W$ w* P( j& e1 j
aware of this fact, because most of these children, V% }# Z- s4 K0 \) R$ H( |4 y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 e) b3 u  m& E  W" p2 T2 }, Q+ e6 \Desk Reference and package insert should also put a/ B( r# j7 b: `  ?5 M- f
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
9 o$ _, t6 C$ h3 Z! yfemale child who might come in contact with some-
+ I2 k$ W' T7 ]one using any of these products.
& @# f: ^' ^2 `* ~/ g, I8 IReferences
7 a: A; q' m3 ~; s1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) v0 h1 p( c; V4 J$ F& I2 h; C1 L& j3 rand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. Q4 h) _5 T8 V1 iEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;7 x; N! b- r+ o/ b7 B
2002: 565-628.( O- i7 c; u  r) \  ?4 V
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" p" F2 ~: n! F7 P& g
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

0 u. A9 j" e4 X( R$ l精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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